Alcoholic Teens essays

Alcoholic Teens essays When teens run into friends around town, a common question that most of us hear is Hey, what are you doing tonight? This could be answered any number of ways, but in this day and age you will probably hear about how everybody is going over to somebodys house to drink. Keggers and Jungle Juice parties are the most common, because they are cheap and will get you drunk. Keggers usually sell cups for the beer which will give you unlimited refills. Jungle Juice parties ask for a cover at the door and again you are given unlimited refills. The only difference between the two is that Keggers are beer and Jungle Juice parties are mixtures of hard alcohol. Fridays and Saturdays are prime days to go out and drink. Teens know those are the days you dont have to get up on the following morning. With that in mind, you can easily drink yourself silly causing your body to become dehydrated. This has come to be called a hangover. Hangovers can completely incapacitate you giving you any of the following; headache, nausea, diarrhea, lack of appetite, shakiness, feeling tired, and a gross-tasting mouth. These are caused by being dehydrated and by the by-products when alcohol is digested. One such by-product is acetaldehyde. Research suggests that it may be responsible for the worst of your hangover. Someone that can subject themselves to this pain every week really needs to redefine their idea of fun. It seems to have become the only thing teens can do to enjoy themselves. Days of going bowling, roller skating, and cruising in the car seem to be over. Some may still do these things, but not as often as they go to gatherings or parties. The idea to get together and socialize can still be accomplished even though you wont have a drink in your hand. Activities such as cookouts, swimming, and sports can easily take place of any alcoholic party. The fun is already included if you let yourself relax and get int...

Question Papers Essays

Question Papers Essays Question Papers Essay Question Papers Essay Model Question Paper Subject Code: BC 0058 Subject Name: Data Warehouse Credits: 4 Marks: 140 Part A (One mark questions) 1. When a large number of transactions are taken and stored to be dealt with at a later time without the presence of a user, the process is known as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. a. OLTP system b. batch processing. c. Data warehousing d. None of the above. 2. OLTP stands for a. Online Transaction Processing b. Offline Transaction Processing c. Online Transfer Process d. Offline Transfer Process 3. Who is the Father of Data Warehouse? a. Michael Reed b. Bill Inmon c. Ralph Kimball d. Dr. Rakesh Agarwal. 4. Which is not a type of data warehouse. a. Federated Data warehouse b. Distributed Data warehouse c. Real time Data warehouse d. Subject oriented Data warehouse 5. Which is not a Key Issue during data warehouse construction. a. Values and expectations. b. Risk assessment. c. a b both d. None of the above 6. The _____approach is to start by building individual data marts one by one. a. Top down b. Bottom up c. best-of-breed d. None of the above 7. _________ is known worldwide as an innovator, writer, educator, speaker and consultant in the field of Data Warehousing. a. Michael Reed b. Bill Inmon c. Ralph Kimball d. Dr. Rakesh Agarwal 8. With the ___________ approach, compatibility among the tools from different vendors could become a serious problem a. Top down b. Bottom up c. best-of-breed d. None of the above 9. The structure that brings all the components of a Data Warehouse together is known as the†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. Organization b. Architecture c. System d. structure 10. Which data is supported by different database systems and operating systems and is the data from many vertical applications. a. Production Data b. Internal Data c. External Data d. Archived Data 11. Which applications are knowledge discovery systems where the algorithms help you discover trends and patterns from the usage of your data. a. Ad hoc b. MD analysis c. Data-mining d. EIS Feed 12. A __________ is a repository of data gathered from operational data and other sources that is designed to serve a particular community of knowledge workers . a. Data-Mining b. Data Mart c. Metadata d. Data warehouse 13. Which Data Model describes data from a high level. a. Logical b. Physical c. External d. Conceptual 14. Which technique is a discipline used to illuminate the microscopic relationships among data elements. . Dimensional Modeling b. Star schema c. E-R modeling d. Data warehousing 15. The main purpose of ER modeling is a. To improve analysis for decision making b. To remove redundancy c. To record historical data d. All the above 16. Dimension modeling is represented using a. Snow-flake schema b. Star schema c. Fact constellation d. Granularity schema 17. Data extraction, transf ormation, and loading encompass the areas of data acquisition and ______ a. Data loss b. Data regain c. data storage. d. Data transfer 18. ________ presupposes a selection process and select the needed data based on the user requirements. . Data extraction b. Data transformation c. Data loading d. data storage 19. _______ implies physical movement of the data from the computer storing the source database to that which will store the data warehouse database, assuming it is different. a. Extraction b. Transformation c. Loading d. Storing 20. Which of the following is not the type of data loading a. Initial Load b. Incremental Load c. Full Refresh d. decremental load 21. The state of completeness, validity, consistency, timeliness and accuracy makes data appropriate for a specific use. a. Data warehouse b. Data mining c. Data quality d. Data mart 22. ____refers to the methods of automatically identifying objects, collecting data about them and entering data into the data warehouse a. Data capture b. Data Integration c. Data Profiling d. Data Cleansing 23. Which is not a popular OLAP tool a. Business Objects b. Cognos c. SAS/OLAP Studio d. None of the above 24. Data stored by operational systems, such as point-of-sales, are in types of databases called ____ a. ERP b. Supply chain management c. Online Transaction Processing. d. Customer relationship management 25. A data model consists of a. Structural part b. Manipulative part c. Set of integrity rules d. All the above 26. ______is a process of modeling and formalizing data requirements is an intrinsic part of the database design process. a. Data modeling b. Data extraction c. Data integration d. Data distribution 27. RAID stands for a. Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks b. Redundant Application of Integrated Data c. Reduced Application of Inexpensive Data d. Reduced Application of Integrated Disks 28. According to Ralph Kimball, Back-room metadata guides: 1. Extraction 2. Cleaning 3. Loading processes a. 1,2 only b. ,2 only c. 1,2,3 all d. 2,3 only 29. Which is not an example of Technical Metadata. a. hardware details b. software details c. Query response time details d. system configuration details 30. In ETL process all the records in the _________ that should be brought into the data warehouse actually are extracted into the data warehouse. a. Destination system b. source system c. Data system d. user system 31. _ ____ Testing ensure that the ETL Process functions well with other upstream and downstream processes. a. Unit b. Regression c. Performance d. Integration 32. UAT stands for a. Unit Acceptance Technique b. User Acceptance Testing c. Unique Acceptance Testing d. Union Acceptance Technique 33. ______ is a technique of extracting the hidden predictive information from large databases. a. Data Mining b. Data warehousing c. Data extraction d. Data transformation 34. Which of the following is not a technique of data mining: a. Artificial Neural Networks b. Decision Trees c. Genetic Algorithms d. chinese postman problem algorithm 35. CART stands for a. Chisquare Automatic and Regression Testing b. Classification and Regression Trees c. Credit-card Automatic Route Transfer d. Chisquare Algorithm Regression Testing 36. ______ provides tools for searching, sorting, filtering and drilling down enabling previously complex data models to be viewed intuitively through real-time 3-D graphical representation a. Intelligent Miner b. Enterprise Miner c. MineSet d. Clementine 37. Which of the following is not a tool of data mining a. MineSet b. Intelligent Miner c. Weka3 d. Redbrick 38. A ______ Web house is a single most important tool for identifying, prioritizing, and retaining e-commerce customers. a. click stream b. Data stream c. Design stream d. rag stream 39. When you bring your data warehouse to the web, from the point of view of the users,then which of the following is not the key requirement for the same: a. self-service data access b. interactive analysis c. low availability and performance d. zero-administration client 40. _______which provides low-cost transmission of information, and exchange information with anyone within or outside the company. a. I ntranet b. Extranet c. Internet d. user net Part B (Two mark questions) 41. State whether the following statement is true or false for Data warehouse and OLTP 1. A Data Warehouse (DW), is a database that is designed for facilitating querying and analysis. 2. OLAP system is designed to be read-optimized. a. 1-T , 2-F b. 1-F , 2-T c. 1-F , 2-F d. 1-T , 2-T 42. A Data Warehouse is a relational database that is designed for †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. a. Process and transaction b. Query and analysis c. Searching and selection d. Searching and sorting 43. State whether the following statement is true or false for the differences between OLTP and Data Warehouse projects. 1. The Data Warehouse record transactions in real time and aims to automate the clerical data entry processes of a business entity. 2. The OLTP database does not cater to real time operational requirements of the enterprise. a. 1-T , 2-F b. 1-F , 2-T c. 1-F , 2-F d. 1-T , 2-T 44. What are the vital areas in data warehouse development life cycle â€Å" 1. Warehouse management 2. Data management 3. Project management a. Only 1, 2 b. Only 1, 3 c. Only 2 ,3 d. All the above 45. What are the components of data warehouse architecture 1. Source Data Component 2. Data Staging Component 3. Data Storage Component a. Only 1, 2 b. Only 1, 3 c. Only 2 ,3 d. All the above 46. There are three staged archival methods, so arrange these methods in to the appropriate sequence. . Recent data is archived to a separate archival database that may still be online. 2. The oldest data is archived to tape cartridges or microfilm and even kept off-site. 3. The older data is archived to flat files on disk storage. a. 1,2,3 b. 2,3,1 c. 3,2,1 d. 1,3,2 47. State whether the following statements are true or false for fact table: 1. Fact Table is m ade up of two or more foreign keys. 2. Fact table always expresses a one-to-many relationship. a. 1-T,2-T b. 1-T,2-F c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 48. The process of turning ________ into _________ is called archiving. a. archived redo log files, redo log files b. Flat files, dump files c. redo log files, archived redo log files d. dump files, Flat files 49. Arrange the functional steps of ETL into an appropriate sequence. 1. Filtering for refreshes and incremental loads 2. Triggering for incremental changes 3. Data extraction 4. Transformation 5. Integration 6. Cleansing 7. Applying to the Data Warehouse database. a. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 b. 1,3,2,6,5,4,7 c. 2,1,5,4,3,6,7 d. 7,6,5,4,3,2,1 50. _____and ______tools are available to translate the data from one platform to another, and populate the Data Warehouse. a. Statistical Analysis System, Informatics b. Oracle 10g Warehouse builder, MySAP c. Data Extraction, loading d. SAP BI, Oracle 10g 51. State whether the following statements are true or false for CMM levels. 1. At level 3, companies can begin to predict future IT implementation performance. 2. At level 4, IT best practices are documented and performed throughout the enterprise. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-F,2-T c. 1-T,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 52. State whether the following statements are true or false: 1. ROLAP technology tends to have greater scalability than MOLAP technology 2. MOLAP technology tends to have greater scalability than ROLAP technology a. 1-T,2-F b. -T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 53. State whether the following statements are true or false for characteristics of OLAP 1. An OLAP system typically adopts either a star or snowflake model and a subject oriented database design. 2. OLAP systems are not market-oriented. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 54. State True(T) or False(F). 1. RAID 0 provides data stripping 2. RAID 1 prov ides block level stripping a. 1–F, 2–F b. 1–F, 2–T c. 1–T, 2–F d. 1–T, 2–T 55. Design metadata consists of 1. Schema definition 2. Source tables 3. ETL information a. Only 1 and 2 b. Only 1 and 3 c. Only 2 and 3 d. Only 1 6. The tools of metadata management are 1. Erwin data modeler 2. Ablnitio EME 3. Pentaho Metadata 4. Microsoft repository a. Only 2 and 4 b. Only 1 and 2 c. Only 3 and 4 d. All of the above 57. ________ and _______ensures that data loads and queries perform within expected time frames and that the technical architecture is scalable. a. Performance, Scalability Testing b. Unit, Regression Testing c. Integration, Requirements Testing d. None of the above 58. State whether the following statement is true or false: 1. Regression testing is revalidation of existing functionality with each new release of code. . UAT typically focuses on data loaded to the Data Warehouse and any views that have been created on top of the tables. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 59. State whether the following statements are true or false: 1. Data Mining is user driven approach not data driven approach. 2. Prediction is the other aspect of Data Mining. a. 1-T,2-F b. 1-T,2-T c. 1-F,2-T d. 1-F,2-F 60. Which of the following are the useful informations of Web house: 1. Site statistics 2. Visitor conversions 3. Referring partner links 4. Site navigation resulting in orders 5. Site navigation not resulting in orders a. Only 1, 2, 3 b. .Only 1,2,3,4 c. All 1, 2,3,4,5 d. Only 1,2,3,5 Part C (Four mark questions) 61. Match the following for the functionality of data warehousing. Set A A. Roll-up B. Drill-down C. Pivot D. Slice and Dice E. Selection Set B 1. Data is summarized with increased generalization. 2. Cross tabulation that is, rotation is performed. 3. Increasing levels of detail are revealed. 4. Data is available by value or range. 5. Performing projection operations on the dimensions. a. A-1 , B-2 , C-3 , D-4, E-5 b. A-5 , B-4 , C-3 , D-2, E-1 c. A-1 , B-3 , C-2 , D-5, E-4 d. A-2 , B-1 , C-4 , D-3, E-5 62. State whether the following statements are true or false for Data warehouse 1. Data Warehouse contains data for information purpose. 2. Data Warehouse is a store house of historical data. 3. In Data Warehouse, the requirements are gathered area wise. a. 1-T, 2-T, 3-T b. 1-T, 2-T, 3-T c. 1-F, 2-T, 3-F d. 1-T, 2-T, 3-T 63. Fill in the blank 1. The Data Warehouse functions as a Decision Support System and an 2. The tool will host a meta data repository. 3. A DW architecture is a system that is composed of multiple architectures. . 1- Executive Information System, 2- ETL, 3 Federated b. 1- ETL, 2- Executive Information System, 3 Federated c. 1- Executive Information System, 2-Federated , 3 ETL d. 1- Federated, 2- ETL, 3 Executive Information System 64. What are the characteristics of fact table in star schema? 1. Concatenated key 2. Data grain 3. Fully additive measure 4. Factfull fact table 5. Semi additive measure 6. Table is wide a. 1, 2, 3, 6 only b. 1,2,3,4 only c. 1, 2, 4, 6 only d. 1, 2, 3, 5 only 65. Fill in the blanks. 1. ________ a type of application of data is similar to the initial load. . ________ is the application of ongoing changes from the source systems. 3. ________populating all the Data Warehouse tables for the very first time. a. 1- full refresh, 2- Incremental Load, 3-Initial Load b. 1- Incremental Load, 2-full refresh , 3-Initial Load c. 1- Initial Load, 2- Incremental Load, 3-full refresh d. 1- Incremental Load, 2- Initial Load, 3- full refresh 66. Match the following: 1. Level 0 – a. Performed Informally 2. Level 1 – b. Not Performed 3. Level 2 – c. Well-Defined 4. Level 3 – d. Planned and Tracked 5. Level 4 – e. Quantitatively Controlled 6. Level 5 – f. Continuously Improving a. 1-b,2-a,3-d,4-c,5-e,6-f b. 1-a, 2-b,3-d,4-c,5-e,6-f c. 1-c,2-b,3-a,4-d,5-f,6-e d. 1-f,2-a,3-d,4-c,5-b,6-e 67. Rearrange the following steps in OLAP creation process 1. Transform and standardize data 2. Build cubes 3. Produce reports 4. Extract data 5. Import to OLAP database a. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 b. 1, 4, 5, 2, 3 c. 4, 1, 5, 2, 3 d. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 68. Match the following sets Set -1 1. RAID 0 2. RAID 1 3. RAID 0+1 4. RAID 5 Set-2 a. Data Stripping b. Shadowing/Mirroring / Duplexing c. Striping and Mirroring d. block-level striping a. 1-a,2-b,3-c,4-d b. 1-b,2-a,3-c,4-d c. -a,2-b,3-d,4-c d. 1-d,2-c,3-b,4-a 69. Match the following sets Set -1 1. Design Metadata 2. Population Metadata 3. Administrative Metadata Set-2 a. ETL information, sources and interface details b. Schema definition, source tables, and views. c. Access rights, protocols, physical location. a. 1-a,,2-b,3-c b. 1-b,2-a,3-c c. 1-c,2-b,3-a d. 1-b,2-c,3-a 70. Which of the following are not the parts of Unit testing: 1. Whether ETLs are accessing and picking up right data from right source. 2. Sequence of ETLs jobs in batch. 3. Testing the rejected records that don’t fulfill transformation rules. 4. Checking the source system connectivity. 5. Dependency and sequencing. 6. Error log generation. a. 1,2,3 only b. 2,4,5 only c. 2,5,6 only d. 2,3,6 only 71. Arrange the decision support progress of data mining steps in the appropriate sequence. 1. Database systems 2. File based systems 3. OLAP systems 4. Data warehouses 5. Data mining applications a. 1, 2,3,4,5 b. 5, 4,3,2,1 c. 2, 1,4,3,5 d. 3, 2,4,5,1 72. The clickstream data enables analysis of different measures like:– 1. Customer demand 2. Demographic data collection 3. Site statistics 4. Feedback on website design 5. Customer buying patterns 6. Effectiveness of marketing promotions a. 1, 2, 3, 4 only b. 1, 2,4,5,6 only c. 1, 2,3,4,5 only d. 4, 5, 6 only 73. State whether the following statements are true or false for features of the data Web house 1. It is a fully distributed system. as Kimball would say, there is no center to the data Web house. 2. It is a Web-enabled system; it is beyond a client/server system. 3. The Web does not support to the data types including textual, numeric, graphical, photographic, audio, video, and more. 4. The Web sleeps for some time. a. 1-F,2-T,3-F,4-F b. 1-T,2-T,3-F,4-F c. 1-F,2-F,3-F,4-T d. 1-F,2-F,3-T,4-T 4. Match the following two sets correctly Set–I a. MineSet b. Clementine c. DMMiner d. Intelligent Miner Set–II 1. DBMiner technology inc. 2. SPSS Inc. integral solutions 3. IBM Corp 4. Silicon Graphics Inc–SGI a. a–4, b–3, c–2, d–1 b. a–4, b–2, c–1, d–3 c. a–2, b–3, c–4, d–1 d. aâ₠¬â€œ4, b–2, c–3, d–1 75. Match the following two sets correctly Set–I a. Disk mirroring b. Disk striping c. Parity checking d. Disk duplexing Set–II 1. Writing the same data to two disk drives connected to the same controller 2. Each disk has its own distinct controller 3. Ensures correct transmission of data 4. Data spread across multiple disks by sectors a. a–3, b–1, c–2, d–4 b. a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4 c. a–1, b–4, c–3, d–2 d. a–2, b–4, c–3, d–1 Answer Keys Part A Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Ans. Key B A B D D B C C B A C B D C B B C A C D Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Ans. Key C A D C D A A C C B D B A D B C D A C C Q. No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Part B Ans. Key D B C A D D B C C C D A A C A D A B C C Q. No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Part C Ans. Key C C A D A A C A B C C B B B C

Occupy Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Occupy Movement - Essay Example In the recent years this movement has seen arrests, police raids and police brutality during their activities. This movement is seen as an organization that is voicing out the overwhelming grievances of the working class majority (Fleming 54). The Occupy Movement begun by targeting Wall Street due to its role in the 2008 economic meltdown that led to the commencing of the great recession. This great recession saw thousands of Americans lose their jobs and even their homes due to foreclosures. Occupy movement are of the view that Wall Street’s perilous loaning services that involve mortgage-backed securities which in the long-run do not bring in any returns, was the major cause of the meltdown. They are also of the view that the government bailout ruptured a sense of propriety. According to followers of this movement Wall Street recklessly and without insight violated the credit default swap market. and the volatility of the market ought to have been realized earlier. They demand that action be taken against the people in Wall Street who were directly linked to this. The movement has been mostly criticized due to the fact that most of its followers have different messages and goals concerning the movement. However, I believe that although this is true whereby different followers have different viewpoints regarding the movement, the fundamental message of the Occupy Movement is quite coherent. Douglas Rushkoff who is a CNN reporter stipulated that although the followers of the movement have not yet reached the point of outlining an exact list of grievances or the best way to solve them anybody of the opinion that they do not understand what this people are protesting about is being a blatant liar (Times 27). Whether or not we are of their opinion, it is clear what they are distraught about and that they are fighting for a just cause. It is well known that investment bankers who carry out their activities in Wall Street are continuously

Victim Advocacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Victim Advocacy - Essay Example The need for such profile of the victim arose and its utility was realized when the investigation teams had to solve the cases of serial criminals. The development of the profile of the potential victims on the basis of the existing victim's information helped to trace the serial criminals. However, this strategy is now not restricted to the serial crimes only, rather a separate field of studies has been developed to work on the matter; this field is termed as 'victimology'. "The scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system -- that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials -- and the connections between victims and other societal groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements." (Karmen) The concept of victim dates back to ancient cultures and civilizations. Its original meaning was rooted in the exercise of sacrifice -- the taking of the life of a person or animal to satisfy a deity. (Karmen) Before 1940's, as mentioned earlier, the criminology and the crime investigation had total focus of research and academic analysis on the criminals, victims had no significant place in the investigation. However, the field of criminology gave birth to victimology when Mendelson and Von Hentig started studying the victims of the crime as well, since were of the view that like criminals, the victims should also be the integral part of such analysis. These two are know as the father of the study of Victimology. (Roberson) Mendelson asserted that victims had an "unconscious aptitude for being victimized." (Roberson, 1994) Von Hentig published an article in 1941 with the title "Remarks on the Interaction between Perpetrator and Victim" (Hentig). Later on, he published "The Criminal and his Victim", a textbook on criminology in which he wrote a chapter about the victim (Hentig). He treated the victim as one of the participants in a crime. The term victimology was evolved by Mendelsohn in 1947 in a paper presented in French at a congress in Bucharest. Another significant contribution in the development of the field of Victimology as a separate discipline of studies is by S. Schafer who published in 1968 a remarkable book on the subject entitled "The Victim and his Criminal; a study into functional responsibility" It was the result of all these efforts that victimology evolved as a separate branch of studies in 1970's and is now progressing by leaps and bounds. Difference between Victimology, Criminology, Sociology and Psychology: Before moving on to the differences, one must be clear about respective definitions since they form the basis for difference. Criminology is the scientific study of the crime. Sociology is the study of the individuals, groups and institutions

International Trade Simulation Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Trade Simulation Assignment - Essay Example The Island has more immobile resources of natural resources and mobile resources of labor which differs (Fujita, et. al. 140). It trades its resources to gain specialized capital gains from developed country. The specialized capital acquired from developed county help the host country to gain more income and multiply it national revenue employing many people leading to a stable economy. As much as the employment rate increased the inflation curbed making individuals having higher purchasing power thus assisting in the collection of revenue by increasing income tax collection. This effect trickles back to the common person due to return on investment between the trading partners by appropriate governance providing for social amenities achieving social welfare of the host country. The trading partner chosen due to mobility factor of capital that freely invested. Therefore, due to mobility of technology to produce the resources which the host country they had to trade for the capital gain. This is explained by Cobb-Douglas technologies theory that state that the parameters applied to the inputs must vary (Fujita, et. al. 210). Research has found out that capital mobility undermines the free trade. The capital abundant country will gain trade from their capital intensive industries thus import such labor intensive for goods in

Political Theories in Mockingjay, by Suzanne Collins

Political Theories in Mockingjay, by Suzanne Collins Karamveer Lalh From the beginning of Mockingjay, we are confronted with the prospect of a brutal conflict between the Districts and the Capitol for control of Panem. For both parties, the conflict is critical. For the capitol it is an opportunity to extinguish the flames of rebellion, and for the districts, it is an opportunity to win their freedom. In order to achieve these ends, control of the country is critical in order to either maintain, or acquire the power necessary to achieve their objectives. Power can be most simply defined as the influence that A has on B in order for B to do a task b that B would not ordinarily do without the influence, whether consciously or subconsciously of A. In Mockingjay, the interactions Collins develops all use power in its most basic form, and this effects every major interaction between the societies, individuals, and governments presented in the novel. These two societies, The Capitol, and The Districts (primarily District 13), provide the framework for the power structures within the novel to exist. District 13 is a highly regimented autocratic society, with each citizen having responsibility and purpose. It is unknown to us the exact government structure and mechanisms of District 13, but it is known that President Coin exerts near unlimited executive power over District 13. We are introduced to the makeup of this society when Katniss and the other refugees from District 12 arrive at District 13 where they are immediately instructed to conform to their new role. German sociologist Max Weber suggests that classes, status groups, and political parties are considered to be associated with power, attempting to achieve one’s will, even in the face of opposition from others. We see that District 13’s power structure is imposed on the newcomers rather swiftly, and met with mixed reactions. Most, such as Katniss’s mother, are grateful for District 13’s ‘generosity’ and conform quickly falling into the status group of â€Å"nurse† which is a valuable to the functioning of District 13, and is then accorded the privileges of that group as a reward for fulfilling her responsibilities. Others, such as Katniss, are more reluctant to do so. In the case of Katniss, we know that she does not need to conform to the expectati ons imposed on her by District 13, because she has power as a symbol. For Coin, being able to control or influence Katniss by winning her favour is more valuable to her goals than the possibility of alienating her by forcing her to conform to the societal expectations that would otherwise be imposed on her. It is important to consider why the District 12 refugees conform to the expectations of their new society. Weber argues that status honour is a more important source of group social action than is class or relation to markets. Status groups can do this in various ways. Status may be a means of maintaining the position of a group that does have privilege. The status group may be closed, with privileges available only to those in the group, and denied to those outside the group. Further, a status group may lead to the development of parties to further some specific interests of the status group. Thus, status groups may become the means by which power or authority is exercised. Social honour may be accorded those who behave in the manner considered desirable by the status group. In this way, the ends of a status group may be furthered. Social approval is a means of achieving the ends of the group while social disapproval may be used as a means of disciplining those who do not behave in the approved manner. (Weber 1920) Therefore, in order for the citizens of District 12 to be accepted into their new society, they must act in a way that would gain them entrance into new status groups within District 13. Due to Katniss’s privilege as the Mockingjay, and the alignment of Coin’s goals, Katniss finds herself in a far higher status group that affords her more freedoms that would not normally be available to most other citizens of Districts 12 and 13. The premise of the story is that there is a brewing civil war between the rebelling Districts (led by District 13) and the loyalists (led by The Capitol). The rebel vs. government relationship is important when discussing traditional vs. revolutionary power, which was outlined by Bertrand Russell. For Russell, all topics in the social sciences are merely examinations of the different forms of power – chiefly the economic, military, cultural, and civil forms. (Russell 1938, 35) Although Russell discusses many aspects of power in his book, a couple concepts stand out when discussing the power dynamics in Mockingjay. One of these is the concept of traditional power. By traditional power, Russell has in mind ways in which people will appeal to the force of habit to justify a political regime: traditional power is psychological and not historical. For many of the districts, rule by the capitol is a given, and their rule had gone more or less unquestioned since the first rebellion, with the apparent destruction of District 13. As Russell claims, traditional power need not be based on actual history, but rather be based on imagined or fabricated history. This falls in line with Capitol propaganda, which suggests District 13 was destroyed for disobeying their rule. Thus, the districts are quite content to submitting to Capitol rule. When District 13 deems itself formidable enough to wage another war, it quickly gains the support of many of the districts. With this, the traditional power of the Capitol begins to end alongside a corresponding change in creeds, heavily influenced by Katniss as the Mockingjay, and President Coin. If the traditional creeds are doubted without any alternative, then the traditional authority relies more and more on the use of naked power, or power by coercion. For the Capitol, this is presented as the games during times of peace, and as force used to supress the dissenting elements of the population in times of turmoil. Where the traditional creeds are wholly replaced with alternative ones, traditional power gives rise to revolutionary power: the goal of the rebel forces. Russell also tackles role of leadership within power, which is especially relevant within Mockingjay as it explores the dynamic between two powerful leaders, Snow and Coin. Russell claims that this impulse to power is not only explicitly present in leaders, but also sometimes implicitly in those who follow. It is clear that leaders may pursue and profit from enacting their own agenda, but in a genuinely cooperative enterprise, the followers seem to gain vicariously from the achievements of the leader, or at least believe the propaganda that is being fed to them. The existence of implicit power, he explains, is why people are capable of tolerating social inequality for an extended period of time (Russell 1938, 16). To extend upon this point, Noam Chomsky suggests that individuals use their individual agency to abrogate their responsibility to think and will actions for themselves. (Chomsky 1999, 53) Although this definition is very broad, it can be used to explain the popular uprisings that occurred whenever the District 13 armed forces entered into a new district, where they were generally greeted as liberators instead of conquerors. Chomsky asserts that authority, unless justified, is inherently illegitimate, and that the burden of proof is on those in authority. If this burden cannot be met, the authority in question should be dismantled. After the introduction of District 13 propaganda, this begins to reflect the view of the majority of the districts. This damages the legitimacy of the Capitol in the eyes of the districts, despite the once effective Capitol counter propaganda proclaiming that they bring security and stability. Institutions such as the hunger games and repressive rule primarily promote this illusion of security. The name of the country: â€Å"Panem†, itself is an allusion to the doctrine of the Roman Empire: panem et circenses, (bread and circuses) which suggests that a distracted populace that’s well fed and entertained will not be willing to rise against the existing power structure, despite any other greivances. (Collins 2010) While the form of government Panem had prior to President Snow is not stated, it is clear that Snow is a demagogue and likely the office of President grants Snow absolute power. Mayors within the districts act simply as governors, ensuring the districts fulfill their quotas of goods to the Capitol and serve no representative roles as a parliamentarian or senator. As a result, the massive poverty, starvation, and brutality witnessed in the districts is either enforced, or ignored. This concept of direct power that Snow expresses is the one-dimensional view of power. This is called the pluralist approach and emphasizes the exercise of power through decision-making and observable behaviour. Robert Dahl, a major proponent of this view, defines power as occurring in a situation where A has power over B to the extent he can get B to do something that B would not otherwise do (Lukes 1974). As power therefore is defined in terms of B and the extent to which A prevails is determined by its hi gher ratio of successes and defeats over B. This kind of overt power is the most observable by an outside party. In the context of the novel, it describes almost all interactions between the governments and their people, be that between Snow and his troops, or Coin and her apparent influence over Katniss. This critique of the behaviourial focus and the recognition of unobservable factors of power is discussed in the two-dimensional view of power developed by Bachrach and Baratz by which power is exercised not just upon participants within the decision making process but also towards the exclusion of certain participants and issues altogether (Lukes 1974). The first dimension claims there is an open system and although admitting that political resources are not distributed equally, they are not centralized in one group’s hands. The second approach however, sees a monopolistic system of inequalities created and maintained by the dominant power. The elite have the means and the political resources to prevent political action that would not benefit themselves. Therefore, the elite determine the agenda of both decision-making and non-decision making. In doing so, they establish their dominance and the subordinance of those on the bottom of the power hierarchy. The capitol, and more directly, Snow, was able to maintain power via use of both legitimate, and during the war, illegitimate means. The government made extensive use of propaganda during the conflict, and maintained the doctrine of panem et circenses to pacify and control the populations. In order to maintain order during the second rebellion, the 13th district, at least in the view of the Capitol, deployed an array of conventional weapons, using unconventional tactics, in order to attack capitol forces and loyalists representing illegitimate power. Although the two dimensional approach to power delves deeper than the first into the nature of power and powerlessness by involving analyses of potential issues, grievances, nondecision-making and non-participation, Lukes finds that it is inadequate because it emphasizes observable conflict only. Nonetheless, an affinity between the two results in their belief that where there is conflict, there is an element of power in both decision-making and nondecision-making. Barach and Baratz (Lukes 1974) states that if there is no conflict, overt or covert, the presumption must be that there is consensus on the prevailing allocation of values, in which case nondecision-making is impossible. Here, there is no consideration of latent conflict or attention as to how interests not consciously articulated may fit into the power relationship. Lukes identifies manipulation and authority as two forms of power, which do not necessarily involve evident conflict. People abide by the power of authority b ecause they either respect or accept its legitimacy. Compliance to the power of manipulation often goes unrecognized by the conformer because focus is placed on irrelevant matters and the key aim is downplayed. In neither is there observable conflict, but latent conflict occurs because the individual may be agreeing to something contrary to their interests without even knowing. The example that best illustrates this in the novel is that the Capitol government is aware of the citizens of the districts suffering, and primarily enforces suffering, (ex: The Hunger Games), as a means of control, and to essentially use the district citizens as slaves to provide for the Capitols exorbitant greed. District 2 is of particular note, as they are viewed favourably by the Capitol and typically are more receptive to Capitol policies than other districts, and earnestly believe in serving the Capitol loyally, despite the repressive and subservient nature of their relationship with the Capitol. This is likely not in their interests. The third dimension of power seeks to identify how A gets B to believe and choose to act in a way that reinforces the bias of the system, advancing the cause of A and impairing that of B, usually in the form of compliance. (Lukes 1974) Such processes can take place in a direct and intended way through media and communication. A takes control of the information channels and B is socialized into accepting, believing, and even supporting the political notions instilled by A. The shaping of individuals conceptions can also take place indirectly or even unintentionally through ones membership in a social structure. Patterns of behaviour, norms and accepted standards apparent in the action and inaction of the group are automatically adopted. This is relevant when examining the District 13 government and what power it holds. President Coin holds significant executive power over the citizens of 13, as well as other rebel forces. In essence, Coin mirrors Snow especially in regards to the power structure of both governments. Both rule over largely ignorant societies who assume that their leaders have the best interests of the entire nation in mind when they follow them. This, according to Lukes is the highest form of power: one where the subjugated do not consciously realize they are actively being controlled by a higher power. In contrast, Katniss retains power in herself in this form as she has the ability to influence the opinions of the populations of other districts, in her role as the Mockingjay. These districts follow Katniss because she symbolizes their cause: freedom from oppressive rule. As for what Collins views as the most effective form of power, it is quite clear that her purpose in writing the novel is by no means a treatise on power, rather a soft sci-fi thriller with an otherwise strong and complex female lead. Collin’s inclusion of power is instead a reflection of Russell’s perspective that all relationships and conflicts can be viewed as a power relationship. With that in mind, Collins chose Katniss to be the primary agent in the novel, thus she is the individual that wields the most power, especially as a propaganda tool, as the war is one where the legitimacy of both governments are called into question. Both sides in the conflict are aware of this, and by using primarily Peeta as a pawn, they are able to have an influence over Katniss. Another potentially useful example is the influence that Snow still had on Katniss immediately before he was scheduled to be executed, or the huge influence Katniss as the Mockingjay had over the general popul ation by appearing as a symbol to unite behind. Therefore, it can be said that Collins implicitly demonstrates that the third dimension of power, or power over shaping opinions, is the most significant form of power. References Chomsky, Noam. 1999. Profit over People: neoliberalism and global order. New York: Seven Stories Press. Collins, Suzanne. 2010. Mockingjay. New York: Scholastic. Lukes, Steven. 1974. Power: A Radical View. Palgrave MacMillan. Russell, Bertrand. 1938. Power: A New Social Analysis. London: George Allen Unwin LTD. Weber, Max. 1920. Politics as a Vocation.

Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers fc

The Horror Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is a novel where the main character Marlow is telling a story of a trip to the Congo. This novel is said to possibly be an autobiography of Conrad’s life at sea. This is said because Conrad was a seaman for a many years and went into Africa many times. The story is so powerful that even after 100 years, we still struggle with its meaning. This story has been retold by Francis Ford Coppola in the film Apocalypse Now. Chinua Achebe has recently explored Conrad’s ideas on imperialism. Achebe believed Conrad’s book presented a racist view of the people of Africa and Achebe in his own book, Things Fall Apart, presented imperialism through the eyes of the Africans. The story of Heart of Darkness is being told to four men on the deck of the Nellie. The story being told is about one of Marlow’s expeditions to the Congo in search of an Ivory hunter named Kurtz. When Marlow found Kurtz in the Congo, Kurtz had "gone native" Marlow found, "a head that seemed to sleep at the top of that pole," outside of Kurtz’s house and Kurtz had been hunting with tribes in the area (Conrad, 73). When Marlow arrived Kurtz, was ill and dying. Kurtz cried out the words "The horror! The horror!" right before he died (Conrad, 85). These words cried out by Kurtz as he died created the most important passages in Heart of Darkness. The way this one passage is interpreted determines how the book is interpreted. One interpretation is that the "horror" is death and Kurtz is realizing he is dying. Kurtz is horrified at the thought of dying and is crying out in pain of the realization. Kurtz may be afraid to die in the heart of darkness. Kurtz may be afraid to die knowing that he will never see his intended again and he may feel guilty for leaving his intended for his savage life. This interpretation shows a book about lost love and guilt for finding a new life. This interpretation is one of the less complex and uninteresting interpretations. Now here is a more interesting and complex interpretation. Some view Heart of Darkness as a racist book. This interpretation comes from the view that the "horror" Kurtz is identifying is his being brought "down" to the African ways. This interpretation sees the African ways as uncivilized and horrid to Kurtz when he realizes he was at their level.

Education For All In Cambodia Education Essay

In nowadays universe matter, the provinces are seeking to vie the power with each other non merely by the military capableness like in the past clip, but they are most likely to vie in the economic development. Meanwhile the economic development of a state is chiefly contributed by many factors such as human resources, capital resources, engineering, and the authorities policyaˆÂ ¦etc. Human resources is the of import standards in the development of a state since engineering and authorities policy come from the human resourcea†Ã‹â€  educated people. Therefore, it means that instruction is really indispensable for the state development. Anyways, for a freshly become developing state such as Cambodia, better instruction is a critical sector for the authorities to accomplish in order to bring forth human resources for develop the state. The organisations such as, UNICEF, UNESCO, and the MDG has a strong relationship with the instruction for all in Cambodia. Before explicating the relation between those organisations and the instruction in Cambodia, we should hold a glimpse on the history of instruction. The traditional instruction in Cambodia was derived from local Wat ( pagoda ) that pupils were taught by bonzes. All pupils were male childs while misss were non allow traveling to Wat School. Many Wat Schools was besides called Pali schools that provided three old ages of simple instruction that pupils could take entryway into the Buddhist lycees and go on to Buddhist University in Phnom Penh. Many topics such as Pali of Buddhist and Khmer philosophy, Kampuchean history, geographics, scientific discipline, civics, , hygiene, mathematics and agribusiness were taught in the school ( instruction in Cambodia ) . Until 1863, when Gallic forced to protectorate Cambodia, owed to the fiscal and managerial grounds made French paid less attending to the reforming of instruction system in Cambodia while the program was made without any actions wer e taken. Under the Gallic associated state, Khmers were compelled to analyze in neighbouring states or in France, but in 1944 there was still merely one Khmer applied scientist in whole state. In add-on to that, because of the revenue enhancement policy made the people preferred their kids to remain at place and gain money to provide for their household populating instead than allowed their kids to travel to school to acquire cognition. On contrary, the station independency period was a aureate epoch of instruction development in Cambodia ; meanwhile, the instruction system was spread widely. King Sihanouk raised the profile of instruction by doing attending compulsory for the immature and actuating parents to direct their older kids to school every bit good. Furthermore, the King besides started a procedure of ‘Cambodianisation ‘ of the educational system that changed the linguistic communication of direction, the construction of classs and school text editions ( Berkvens, 2009 ) . In 1970, Cambodia universities have about 9,000 pupils that the Royal University of Phnom Penh hold the largest figure of studentsa†Ã‹â€  4,570 male and more than 730 female pupils in eight sections such as: scientific discipline and engineering, commercial scientific discipline, jurisprudence and economic sciences, letters and humanistic disciplines, pharmaceutics, medical specialty, teacher preparation, and higher ins tructor preparation ( instruction in Cambodia ) . Because of the spread of instruction, more people graduated, take to new job which is unemployment since the calibrated people are more than the needed occupation ( Berkvens, 2009 ) . Unfortunately, after the coming of the Khmer Rouge government on April 17th, 1975 Pol Pot wholly changed the instruction system in Cambodia that they abandoned the schoolroom, books, and most of the educated people were killed. One Khmer Rouge cell said: â€Å" Under our system, we do n't necessitate to direct our immature people to school. The farm is our school. The land is our paper. The Big Dipper is our pen. We will compose by plowing † ( Berkvens, 2009 ) . After Pol Pot government there are merely 5000 of 20000 instructors ( instruction in Cambodia ) . After Pol Pot government collapsed, there was another dark age of Cambodia under the Vietnamese business. In the early 1980s ; nevertheless, the instruction system in Cambodia improved somewhat that primary and secondary instruction plans were re-opened, but merely to pupils those who can afford to the school fee while the lesson was taught in veitnamese ( Sheldon ) . After 30 old ages of reforming the state, the Kampuchean authorities has been seeking to give the population higher instruction system as we can see below about the changing in the instruction system, the consequence of reforming, and the farther reforming instruction policy. First, harmonizing to the UNESCO study, the instruction system in Cambodia is divided into 5 stages: pre-primary instruction, primary instruction ( grade 1-6 ) , lower secondary instruction ( grade7-9 ) , upper secondary instruction ( grade 10-12 ) , and higher instruction. Six old ages of primary instruction and three old ages of lower secondary instruction make up the state ‘s basic instruction proviso. After finishing upper secondary instruction, pupils can either enter vocational preparation ( which lasts for one to three old ages depending on the programmes ) or universities ( which offer biennial associate grade programmes, four-year unmarried man ‘s degree programmes, and seven-year medical pr ogrammes ) . The Non-formal Education plan plays an of import function in supplying literacy and life accomplishment programmes, every bit good as short-run vocational preparation to school dropouts and grownups ( Haddad, 2008 ) . Second, the Education Strategic Plan ( ESP ) and the Education Sector Support Program ( ESSP ) 2006-2010 of the Ministry of Education Youth and Sport have been developed to react to the rectangular scheme of the authorities to accomplish the ends of the national program for Education for All ( EFA ) and Kampuchean Millennium Development Goals ( CMDG ) . After pattern the program, there has been an increased entree to instruction services with equity in all instruction establishments and all school degrees. The pupils ‘ registration in primary schools is stable while there has been a singular addition in secondary school degree ( Moeys, 2009 ) . Furthermore, the wide reform in instruction has increased primary school with the registration of rural fem ale pupils, handicapped people, and autochthonal people. In add-on to that, the instructor public presentation has besides increased with many non-formal plans were introduced. Furthermore, the quality of instruction has besides improved by new learning accomplishments, trial system, and the criterion of schools ( moeys ) . Third, even though there is the development in the instruction system compare to the yesteryear, the instruction in Cambodia has non fulfilled the demand to develop the state yet ; hence, the Ministry of Education Youth and Sport did present to strategic program in reforming the instruction in Cambodia which is Education for all National Plan 2003-2015. The National Plan of Education for All spells out comprehensive proficient and fiscal programs concentrating on ( 1 ) gender antiphonal schemes, ( 2 ) early childhood attention and development, ( 3 ) formal basic instruction, and ( 4 ) non-formal instruction and grownup literacy. The program focuses on both quanti ty enlargement and quality/relevance of the programmes ( Lah, 2002 ) . Furthermore, the schemes include scholarship strategies for the rural hapless to increase the transitional rate from primary to take down secondary ; capacity-building of both learning and non-teaching staff through pre-service and in-service preparation, and monitoring of larning results ( Haddad, 2008 ) . Unlike many other developing states in Southeast Asia, Cambodia has been through many epochs and governments that make the state experienced the prosperity and decline in the instruction systema†Ã‹â€  the loss of human resources ( chet, 2006 ) . However, through the period of reforming and developing the state after recovered from the war, societal and political instability, Cambodia now is traveling toward the higher instruction system every bit good as the economic development. On the other manus, the wholly self-reforming for the state that has merely recovered from war as Cambodia is impossible since there is the deficiency of human resources, fiscal support every bit good as scheme. Therefore, in term of developing the state, Cambodia needs the aid from other people. As a consequence, there are besides 3 noteworthy histrions who involved in reforming the instruction system such as: UNESCO, UNICEF, and the MDGs. First of all, UNESCO ( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ) was established on 16 November 1945. It stated the aims to advance peace and security through international cooperation on instruction, scientific discipline, and civilization in order to foster cosmopolitan regard for justness, the regulation of jurisprudence, and the human rights along with cardinal freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter. In term of instruction, UNESCO seeks to â€Å" supply educational chances and offer proficient aids to give the opportunity of having the equal instruction for all people ; furthermore, UNESCO besides help the member more easy to accomplish the ends by supervising the advancement through the submitting of one-year Global Monitoring Report which show the accomplishments of states and the international community towards the six Educations for All ends † ( UNESCO ) . The UNESCO has being played really of import for Cambodia since 1951 when Cambodia joined this organisation. Particularly, in instruction, UNESCO has provided comprehensive coordination and proficient aid to the MoEYS for the constitution of six relevant EFA proficient working groups. UNESCO has besides assisted MoEYS in the preparation and constitution of the national instruction policy and scheme to make out to broader populations at all degrees. And a figure of instruction policies were created such as: the National EFA Action Plan, the National Non-Formal Education Policy 2002, the National Plan of Action for Non-Formal Education 2008 and the Policy on Non-Formal Education Equivalency Programme 2008aˆÂ ¦etc. Furthermore, UNESCO assisted the MoEYS in explicating and circulating the Teacher Development Plan to instructors, instructor associations, and teacher preparation establishments, and recommending for the rights of instructors by supplying proficient aid and the information for learning. More, UNESCO has assisted with the Equivalency Programme Policy prepara tion and CLC enlargement and operation by bring forthing and circulating a Khmer version of CLC direction enchiridion to NFE policymakers and practicians, and besides by back uping Cambodians in assorted regional preparation workshops ( UNESCO, 2010 ) . Second, UNICEF ( United Nation International Children ‘s Emergency Fund ) besides helps in determining the instruction quality in Cambodia. UNICEF was created on December 11, 1946 in order to provide exigency nutrient and health care to kids in states that had affected by World War II. UNICEF besides seeks for the security and development for kids and female parents in developing states. Particularly, UNICEF ‘s plans emphasize developing community-level services to better the kids good being. Therefore, UNICEF was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias Award of Concord in 2006. For instruction, UNICEF ‘s plant is to â€Å" accomplish equal chance for every kids around the universe to acquire the instruction, distribute of the Essential Learning Package, set the criterions of instruction system, empower adult females through misss ‘ instruction and gender equality, supply exigencies and post-crisis instruction that measure rapidly adv ance better instruction by offer the self-learning plan, grant critical equipments and supplies for the basic needs to seek instruction, and enhance quality in primary and secondary instruction to assist better the school substructure every bit good as the instruction properity † ( UNICEF ) . Refering on the instruction in Cambodia, UNICEF started to collaborate the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport ( MoEYs ) since the late eightiess with the common aim to give the right of all Kampuchean kids for acquiring quality basic instruction. UNICEF has besides participated in puting national policies, constructing up Ministry capacities, bettering quality of primary instruction system, and easing instruction service to six of Cambodia ‘s 24 states. In add-on to that, UNICEF has accompanied with the MoEYs to lend to the instruction system in Cambodia through many factors such as, increased the outgo for develop the instruction system every bit good as the ministry capablenes s to better the quality of instruction. Furthermore, the UNESCO has besides helped to reenforce MoEYS ability to self-reform the system under SWAp ( the rules of a sector-wide attack ) by increasing assurance of internal staffs. The Ministry has implementing the ESP/ESSP 2006-2010 without external aids and with small proficient support from the givers. In add-on to that, the cooperation has win in addition the entree to primary school with narrow the gender spread that have increased the figure of registration of female pupil more than half in 2002. Furthermore, Education Law was drafted in 2003 by the MOEYs under the influence of the UNSECO. What is more, primary instruction quality has besides up surged both pupils and instructors ‘ quality through decentralized planning, direction and monitoring procedure ( Moeys, 2010 ) . Third, the last organisation that has meaning function in developing Cambodia instruction is UNDP under the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . The MDGs ‘ end is to cut down universe poorness by half by 2015. Many people can profit from the economic system development and some other people life can be saved from the harmful of the poorness. The MDGs are â€Å" time-bound and targeted end that has a set a limited for the ends to accomplish by covering with the utmost poorness such as: hungriness, income poorness, unequal shelter, disease and exclusion ; furthermore, it was created to promote instruction, gender equality and environmental sustainability base on the rights of every people to have wellness protection, shelter instruction, and security as guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Millennium Declaration † ( UNDP ) . Furthermore, the MDGs attempt to advance the gender quality of primary and secondary educational system by 2005 and a t all degree by 2015 ( wikipedia ) . MDG has besides put a batch of attempt in developing instruction system in Cambodia as it has set many plans for the reforming instruction in the rural communities such as ; Highland Children ‘s Education Undertaking that established school in rural country by the communities human resources, Bending Bamboo with supplying the instruction for out of school misss and the bilingual linguistic communications category with the local instructor, Child Friendly Secondary Schools is a plan that the town pupils help the rural pupil for their surveies, and Provide proficient aid to the Provincial Office of Education in the three states that are retroflexing the theoretical account of bilingual instruction. Supply proficient advice to the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport ( UNDP policy, 2010 ) . Consequently, UNESCO, UNICEF, and the MDGs have done a batch of occupation in reforming and developing the instruction in Cambodia. As a consequence, Kampuchean new coevals have enjoyed the better instruction than in the yesteryear that most of kids have the opportunity to travel to school and seek for the cognition without the favoritism of the gender in both urban and rural country. And the developed in instruction system has besides contributed to the economic development, human wellbeing, and the better instruction as the ends of the UNESCO, UNICEF, every bit good as the MDGs. Likewise, we can cognize that all these organisations are the bureaus of the United Nations who plays the of import function in the administration of the planetary matter. The UN is the chief histrion in work outing the jobs in international matter such as human-centered, peace maintaining, peace edifice, developmentaˆÂ ¦etc. In term of Cambodia, after the war period the United Nations has sent its bur eau, for illustration: UNTAC, for peace maintaining in Cambodia. Besides, after guaranting the peace in the state the UN started to direct other bureaus such as ; UNESCO, UNICEF, and UNDP to make the development in the state that first precedence is reforming the instruction system. The function of the UN ‘s bureaus in Cambodia has shown the duty in one of the state in the universe as the action of the planetary administration for the development. In add-on to that, the actions are non merely taken in Cambodia as it is besides done in other portion of the universe such as: other states in Asia, Africa where the aid is needed. Therefore, the planetary administration mission is the complex and hard occupation to make since it required covering with all the job in planetary matter, and in Cambodia development is needed the aid from the UN ‘s bureaus such as: UNESCO, UNICEF, and MDGs for constructing the human resource by foremost better the instruction for all.

Save the Earth

Driving a car is the most air polluting act an average citizen commits. Air pollution is not a good idea for a variety of reasons, large and small. The right ideas for remediation of environmental degradations involve unselfish and compassionate behavior, a scarce commodity. The right ideas involve long-term planning, conservation and a deep commitment to preserving the natural world. Without a healthy natural environment, there will be few or no healthy humans. To understand air pollution you can consider a simple schematic that divides a big problem into components. 1. Local effects -e. g. poisoning humans breathing bad air. 2. Regional effects – fallout from airborne pathogens – infections, particles, chemicals. 3. Global effects – changing interactions between the atmosphere and sun, weather effects, effects on plants and oceans. Developments in the media made â€Å"green† the slogan for action to limit the adverse effects of air pollution. The media often suggested that this is a relatively new consensus that there is an environmental crisis. They excused people who have ignored the effect of greenhouse gases on climates over the past 40 years. Some know what is really going on out there, but most people do not know or know but deny the obvious for selfish reasons. Green refers to the color of chlorophyll in plants. Chlorophyll is the basis of photosynthesis that allows plants to turn the sun's energy into life energy. Human action destroys plants and replaces healthy ecosystems with concrete and asphalt. Another slogan that emerged was â€Å"save planet earth. † Humans will not save the planet. The task for humans is to stop destroying the environments that sustain us. If we fail, the planet will do just fine without us. Save the Earth Driving a car is the most air polluting act an average citizen commits. Air pollution is not a good idea for a variety of reasons, large and small. The right ideas for remediation of environmental degradations involve unselfish and compassionate behavior, a scarce commodity. The right ideas involve long-term planning, conservation and a deep commitment to preserving the natural world. Without a healthy natural environment, there will be few or no healthy humans. To understand air pollution you can consider a simple schematic that divides a big problem into components. 1. Local effects -e. g. poisoning humans breathing bad air. 2. Regional effects – fallout from airborne pathogens – infections, particles, chemicals. 3. Global effects – changing interactions between the atmosphere and sun, weather effects, effects on plants and oceans. Developments in the media made â€Å"green† the slogan for action to limit the adverse effects of air pollution. The media often suggested that this is a relatively new consensus that there is an environmental crisis. They excused people who have ignored the effect of greenhouse gases on climates over the past 40 years. Some know what is really going on out there, but most people do not know or know but deny the obvious for selfish reasons. Green refers to the color of chlorophyll in plants. Chlorophyll is the basis of photosynthesis that allows plants to turn the sun's energy into life energy. Human action destroys plants and replaces healthy ecosystems with concrete and asphalt. Another slogan that emerged was â€Å"save planet earth. † Humans will not save the planet. The task for humans is to stop destroying the environments that sustain us. If we fail, the planet will do just fine without us.

Punk Essays - Dispute Resolution, Ethics, Freudian Psychology

Punk Essays - Dispute Resolution, Ethics, Freudian Psychology Punk Punk is a term applied to a child or teenager who acts in an antisocial way. Punk music is a form of rebellion, and it turned against all other musical forms and influences at its time of creation. Punk music is as much cultural as it is musical. It is anarchic, against society, and against everything in established order. Patrick Goldstein's article, "Violence Sneaks into Punk Scene", is about one man's observation of the experiences with violence and aggressive nature of youth's rebellion. In the author's opinion, "The accounts of senseless violence, vandalism, and even mutilation at some area rock clubs read like a report from a war zone." Throughout Goldstein's article, Freudian theory can be utilized to explain the aggressive nature of the punk movement and youths involved in it. There are many different theories as to human nature. One of these theories exists under the thoughts of a prominent philosopher, and founder of Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. His deductive argument entails his conclusion that man is bad, or as Freud explains it in his book, Civilization and Its Discontents, "Homo homini lupus." This phrase literally means man is a wolf to man. Freud felt all men are innately evil and his aggression lies within him as part of human nature. Freud felt aggression can be hidden deep in our subconscious and explode in certain situations. In Goldstein's article, there are many examples to show Freud's opinion to be true. As one punk rocker stated, "It's no wonder there are so many fights . . . these idiots kept punching us in the back. Finally I got fed up and started hitting these guys, even though they were bigger than me." Another was quoted as saying, "All they want to do is fight. And next time I'm going to be ready to give' em one." When we have provoked someone with any form of aggression or violence, the first reaction, even if it is not considered normal for their particular behavior, is to show aggression in return. Aggression does not have to be subconscious in nature. It can be on the surface of our behavior and in constant use. Our inclination to aggression is apparent in one's relationship with their neighbors and apparent in what they see as every day, casual behavior. One manager of a club remembered a situation dealing with two young women from a local punk band. "While one was talking to me, the other went into the girls' room and broke a bunch of beer bottles in the sink and ran her hands through the glass. Then she came out to talk to me, blood steaming down her arms." Others reported situations where several girls would carve X's into their arms with broken glass in support for a local band. Self mutilation in a show of aggressive behavior can come with positive outcomes and continues to reaffirm violence and aggression. Freud also believed aggression is another human instinct that brings us joy and happiness. However, civilization refuses any acts of violence, it oppresses this need of aggression deep in our consciousness. The first thing we do when no one is watching is anything civilization refuses to allow us to do. Goldstein, in his article, describes the dance craze called the Slam. He believes it is, "an organized gang of punk youths, leading to numerous incidents of violence at many area clubs." On the contrary, a member of an area band the Germs who would be considered a participant observer feels, "If they're doing that (Slam), then I know they are having fun." Freud's opinion of releasing aggression, bringing about happiness and going about it by defying civilization and cultural opinion, is the underlying reason for the punk movement. As seen through the classic examples of aggressive behavior in Goldstein's article, Freud's argument comprises factually correct statements, for both his time and the punk movement. His arguments conclusion is well supported and his premises meet the conditions of a deductive argument with relevance and ground. This means that wherever we come from, whatever our culture is, we are aggressive by nature. From that sense, civilization steps in with a beneficial purpose, as it tames the human nature. However, civilization creates human source of

The United States and the War of 1812 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The United States and the War of 1812 - Essay Example Both houses approved the message and they signed an accord, which supported war against Britain on 18 June (Turner, 11). How the United States became involved in the War of 1812 Americans constantly call the War of 1812 as the second American War of Independence. The major reasons that prompted the United States to declare war against the British was their constant abuse of America’s sovereignty. Particularly, the British interfered with the affairs of North America. This intrusion of Great Britain in North America angered the United States (Martin, 2). In various occasions, the Royal Navy prevented neutral ships from getting inside the ports controlled by Napoleon. It emerged that most of these neutral ships that the British stopped came from the United States. Eventually, most Americans felt that the British were restricting their important trade (Turner, 22). Americans also felt that this restriction of trade by the British occurred in a way that Britain did not consider Am erica as a sovereign nation. The British continued their intrusion as if America did not exist. In addition, the British acted in a way to suggest that America was only a young and minor nation which did not require respect and which could not pose any threat (Healey, 3). The British also angered the Americans due to the habit of the Royal Navy stopping neutral ships from America in search of contraband and deserters who had fled from the cruel and brutal life on British warships (21). In some occasions, the British captains acted impulsively and even lured men who were native-born Americans into service on British warships. These actions by the British continually angered the Americans who felt that the British were interfering with their important affairs (Turner, 22). Even though America attempted to reverse these situations through diplomatic complains, the British continued with these operations. In another attempt to stop these harassments, America summoned a invalidate trade restriction intended to punish the British, but it made many American merchants insolvent. It seemed to America that the British were too anxious to fight Napoleon that they did not consider the peril of United States. In addition, the British did not care of what the Americans can do since they considered it as a young nation without ample military and economic foundation (Healey, 5). Thomas Jefferson, the American president was responsible for defending the nations honor. Since Jefferson was an educated person, he closed up the American waters from supplying water to the British warships, facilitated the release of three seamen and ordered the British to end their harassment actions towards America. Even though the British compensated the Americans for their actions, impressments still went on unabated (Hickman, 1). There was still another grievance that lay at the heart of American hostility toward Great Britain and which prompted America to join the war. During that time, Americ a was expanding its boundaries as it was outgrowing its coastal boundaries westward (1). Britain also realized the potential of this huge and already managed a vast amount of the land in its Canadian provinces. Instead of leaving things the way they were, the British supported the American Indians to struggle and fight against American settlers who were migrating westward from the original United States (Healey, 2). Most Americans in the west assumed that the

Personal Security and The Internet Research Paper

Personal Security and The Internet - Research Paper Example The 20th century technological breakthroughs could never have been complete without the internet because it has played a significant role in changing the lives of people within this generation. It has enabled people to apply information with ease, to study without difficulty and communicate effortlessly. Apparently, the internet has made it possible to access huge and diverse amount of information without making many efforts as was required in the past. It also facilitates faster intake and processing of information However, the internet has its own setbacks as well. Some of these setbacks are so harmful and have the potential of causing many risks to users of the internet. As compared to two decades ago, today the world faces unique security and privacy issues that were not there before the introduction of the internet. With the escalation of the internet, such entities as advertising firms and spammers that are associated with it have emerged as well. Apparently, the internet has s everal applications such as data compilation, use of tracking and other techniques. The application of these has brought in more weird behaviors like hacking of some sites in the internet. The result is that people have developed some behaviors that are detrimental to the security and privacy of the internet users worldwide (Gralla, 2006). How the Internet influences our livesIt is true that the internet has changed the lives of people who are living in this generation almost completely. Through the internet, communications have become easier as it has facilitated efficiency in communication. Even without a physical television, one can still watch TV online and be able to get faster news. The internet has also made it easier to connect with people from whichever part of the world that they are in. through, emails, text messaging, video charts and the use of the social media like face book and twitter, it is now possible to share ideas, information, pictures, events and videos throug h the internet. In the past, somebody had to write a letter that could take ages to reach its destinations. Besides, the existence of Skype, messenger chats and other applications like Whatsapp has enabled people to have casual conversations with one another. Young people are the most